COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF TWO ARTICLES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF TWO ARTICLES - Essay Example Censorship and literature Rev Murray John Courtney 1904-1967 was a theologian with a doctorate in sacred theology. He taught Catholic trinitarian theology and was editor of the Jesuit Journal Theological Studies in Queens, New York until his death 1 John Courtney Murray posits that censorship is a compromise between freedom and restraint. Obscenity in the courts: Written one year before the article â€Å"Censorship and literature†,2 the authors Lockhart and McClure 3 narrate how obscenity was being defined by the courts at the time when there was a revival of Puritanism in the United States especially after the Civil War and the World War 1.. After these wars, there was sudden surge of obscene literature in the country that there was public outcry for a newer legislation to contain obscenity in all its forms. The legislation of the time was ineffective without a workable definition of the term obscenity. There were few reported decisions of pre-civil war period on obscene lite rature with some impact on the people who read such literature. The contemporaneous Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter came to be detested as an outright immoral book which degraded literature and encouraged promiscuity. As early as in 1868, a workable definition for obscene was provided by Lord Chief Justice Cockburn, an English jurist that came to be known as Hicklin test following his decision in Regina v Hicklin 4 which said that a material was obscene if the impugned material depraved and corrupted vulnerable individuals coming across that material. Though Hicklin was soon being followed by American courts, this Victorian moral standard was felt out of time by American federal District Judge Learned Hand who suggested that obscenity must be regulated by the Government in accordance with community standard that changed with times. Following Hand’s ruling, American courts started ignoring Hicklin test and it was finally put to rest by a 1933 Ulysses decision5 in which t he judges Hand and Agustus N H of the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a book was considered obscene by its dominant effect. And the test should be by verifying whether the passages alone depraved the mind of the individuals who has access to that book. The authors of the present article examine the treatment of obscenity under different contexts of â€Å" effects on individual readers† , â€Å"effects on community moral standards†, â€Å"offensiveness†, and â€Å"effect on probable audience† and author’s purpose. The authors question whether censorship’s purpose is only to prevent corrupting and depraving of the minds of the individuals or it is also prevent their behavior influenced by such obscene material. In the absence of judicial answer for this, authors state that there has been no attempt to show that individuals reading obscene books started behaving differently that is inconsistent with the extant moral standards. They insist that co urt have never gone beyond determining that an allegedly obscene book only affected the readers’ thoughts and desires without ever being concerned about the individuals’ behavior or actions after reading an impugned book. Courts’ decisions on obscenity have not taken care to find out what kind of thoughts that individuals are affected with. Courts have not spelt out whether the obscene material induces thoughts on sexual intercourse and whether they are within or

Casinos in Nevada Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Casinos in Nevada - Research Paper Example The first influence comprised of the regulation of The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) and the International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (Standards) which support the effective accomplishment of the duties in accordance with the guidance laid by the acts governing them. The second influence refers to the authoritarian failure to notice, whether an obligation or a proposal from the supervisory bodies, that an official scheme of in-house controls is implemented, which takes into account the various prerequisites which a certain type of an in-house assessment task is executed at a casino. In several jurisdictions the measures adopted and implemented by the internal audit systems are exclusively governed by such directives. The third and ultimate influence refers to the sustained participation of blatantly dealt casino corporations, which fall under the directive of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as proprietors or workers of the various functions related to the casino. Given that the IIA's Standards direct all assessors, irrespective of the industry to which they belong, this paper focuses on the key influences which govern the money management and accounting part of the casino industry with respect to the Nevada casinos against the background of the regulation 6A and Title 31 acts1. 2. Brief Background Gaming is the one of the chief 'money-making' businesses in the State of Nevada which is also incidentally a major contributor of large amount of returns to the state. The economic accomplishment of the industry is hence, reliant on the successful and methodical licensing of individuals as well as institutions involved in the industry within the State. The contemporary age of gaming can be traced back to its origins in the early 1931 period, with the implementation of the "wide open gaming bill" in Nevada. During the early 1950s, the endeavors to establish strong controls over the industry were accelerated and enhanced. This involved a detailed and in-depth study of the casinos in Nevada ultimately translating into the establishment of the gaming regulatory body which was set up to sanction and manage the swiftly growing industry. The Nevada Gaming Control Board was eventually set up to legalize and sanction the day to day functions of the casinos, together with the compilation, calculation, and settlement of the day to day gaming proceeds besides upholding the veracity of the games on the casino floor2. The Nevada Gaming Commission is entrusted with the responsibility of managing punitive issues and ratifying gaming regulations within the state of Nevada3. As each state or ethnic venture has characteristically formed an authoritar ian structure with the introduction of gaming, there is a simultaneous introduction of a wide range of practices and audit requirements. While every gaming regulatory organization characteristically comprises of numerous sections, there are three most important divisions with which internal